General Requirement

BJRD requires all submitted research to comply with applicable ethical standards, institutional requirements, national regulations, and relevant international norms. Authors are responsible for ensuring that research was conducted ethically and reported transparently.

Human Participants

Research involving human participants, personal data, interviews, surveys, observations, experiments, educational interventions, health data, community-based research, or sensitive social information must include a statement on ethics approval or exemption, informed consent, confidentiality, and participant protection.

The statement must identify the approving body, approval number or date where available, and any relevant consent procedure. Where formal ethics approval was not required, authors must explain why and identify the applicable institutional or legal basis.

Informed Consent and Vulnerable Participants

Authors must obtain informed consent where required and must protect participants from harm, coercion, privacy breach, or misrepresentation. Research involving children, students, employees, patients, vulnerable groups, indigenous or local communities, sensitive personal data, or power imbalances requires particular care.

Consent for publication of identifiable information, images, case material, or quotations must be obtained where individuals could be recognised.

Confidential and Sensitive Data

Authors must anonymise or de-identify participant data unless explicit consent and ethical approval permit identification. Confidential, culturally sensitive, politically sensitive, commercially sensitive, or legally restricted data must be handled in accordance with applicable obligations.

Animals, Environment and Cultural Heritage

Research involving animals, biodiversity, biological samples, environmental interventions, cultural heritage, sacred sites, community knowledge, or fieldwork permissions must comply with relevant ethical, legal, institutional, and community requirements. Authors must provide approval, permit, or consent information where applicable.